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Evidence of Extreme Ionization Conditions and Low Metallicity in GHZ2/GLASS-Z12 from a Combined Analysis of NIRSpec and MIRI Observations

dc.contributor.authorAntonello Calabrò
dc.contributor.authorMarco Castellano
dc.contributor.authorJorge A. Zavala
dc.contributor.authorLaura Pentericci
dc.contributor.authorPablo Arrabal Haro
dc.contributor.authorTom J. L. C. Bakx
dc.contributor.authorDenis Burgarella
dc.contributor.authorCaitlin M. Casey
dc.contributor.authorMark Dickinson
dc.contributor.authorSteven L. Finkelstein
dc.contributor.authorAdriano Fontana
dc.contributor.authorMario Llerena
dc.contributor.authorSara Mascia
dc.contributor.authorEmiliano Merlin
dc.contributor.authorIkki Mitsuhashi
dc.contributor.authorLorenzo Napolitano
dc.contributor.authorDiego Paris
dc.contributor.authorPablo G. Pérez-González
dc.contributor.authorGuido Roberts-Borsani
dc.contributor.authorPaola Santini
dc.contributor.authorTommaso Treu
dc.contributor.authorEros Vanzella
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherNSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Space, Earth, & Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , Chalmersplatsen 4 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
dc.contributor.otherAix Marseille Univ , CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway Boulevard Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA
dc.contributor.otherNSF's NOIRLab , Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin , 2515 Speedway Boulevard Stop C1400, Austin, TX 78712, USA
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Astronomy, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá di Roma Sapienza , Cittá Universitaria di Roma—Sapienza, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherCentro de Astrobiología (CAB) , CSIC-INTA, Ctra. de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón de Ardoz, E-28850, Madrid, Spain
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma , via di Frascati 33, 00078 Monte Porzio Catone, Italy ; antonello.calabro@inaf.it
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of California , Los Angeles, 430 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
dc.contributor.otherINAF—OAS , Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, via Gobetti 93/3, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
dc.date.accessioned2024-11-06T12:19:37Z
dc.date.available2025-10-02T03:23:49Z
dc.date.issued01-01-2024
dc.identifier.issn-
dc.identifier.urihttps://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7602
dc.description.abstractGHZ2/GLASS-z12, one of the most distant galaxies found in JWST observations, has been recently observed with both the NIRSpec and MIRI spectrographs, establishing a spectroscopic redshift z _spec = 12.34 and making it the first system at z > 10 with complete spectroscopic coverage from rest-frame UV to optical wavelengths. This galaxy is identified as a strong C iv _λ _1549 emitter (EW = 46 Å) with many other detected emission lines, such as N iv ] _λ _1488 , He ii _λ _1640 , O iii ] _λ _λ _1661,1666 , N iii ] _λ _1750 , C iii ] _λ _λ _1907,1909 , [O ii ] _λ _λ _3726,3729 , [Ne iii ] _λ _3869 , [O iii ] _λ _λ _4959,5007 , and H α , including a remarkable detection of the O iii Bowen fluorescence line at rest frame λ = 3133 Å. We analyze in this paper the joint NIRSpec + MIRI spectral data set. Combining six optical strong-line diagnostics (namely R2, R3, R23, O32, Ne3O2, and Ne3O2Hd), we find extreme-ionization conditions, with log _10 ([O III ] _λ _λ _4959,5007 /[O II ] _λ _λ _3726,3729 ) = 1.39 ± 0.19 and log _10 ([Ne III ] _λ _3869 /[O II ] _λ _λ _3726,3729 ) = 0.37 ± 0.18 in stark excess compared to typical values in the interstellar medium (ISM) at lower redshifts. These line properties are compatible either with an active galactic nucleus (AGN) or with a compact, very dense star-forming environment (Σ _SFR ≃ 10 ^2 –10 ^3 M _⊙ yr ^−1 kpc ^−2 and ${{\rm{\Sigma }}}_{{M}_{{* }}}$ ≃ 10 ^4 –10 ^5 M _⊙ pc ^−2 ), with a high ionization parameter (log _10 ( U ) =−1.75 ± 0.16), a high ionizing photon production efficiency $\mathrm{log}({\xi }_{\mathrm{ion}})={25.7}_{-0.1}^{+0.3}$ , and a low gas-phase metallicity (also confirmed by the direct, T _e method) ranging between 4% and 11% Z _⊙ , indicating a rapid chemical enrichment of the ISM in the past few megayears. These properties also suggest that a substantial amount of ionizing photons (∼10%) are leaking outside of GHZ2 and starting to reionize the surrounding intergalactic medium, possibly due to strong radiation-driven winds. The general lessons learned from GHZ2 are the following: (i) the UV-to-optical combined nebular indicators are broadly in agreement with UV-only or optical-only indicators; (ii) UV+optical diagnostics fail to discriminate between an AGN and star formation in a low-metallicity, high-density, and extreme-ionization environment; and (iii) comparing the nebular line ratios with local analogs may be approaching its limits at z ≳ 10, as this approach is potentially challenged by the unique conditions of star formation experienced by galaxies at these extreme redshifts.
dc.format-
dc.language.isoEN
dc.publisherIOP Publishing
dc.relation.uri['https://revistas.uns.edu.ar/csh/about', 'https://revistas.uns.edu.ar/csh/index', 'https://revistas.uns.edu.ar/csh/about/submissions#authorGuidelines']
dc.rightsCC BY-NC-SA
dc.subject['history', 'humanities', 'historiography', 'social sciences', 'History (General)', 'D1-2009', 'History of scholarship and learning. The humanities', 'AZ20-999']
dc.subject.lccAstrophysics
dc.titleEvidence of Extreme Ionization Conditions and Low Metallicity in GHZ2/GLASS-Z12 from a Combined Analysis of NIRSpec and MIRI Observations
dc.typeArticle
dc.description.keywordsPrimordial galaxies
dc.description.keywordsEarly universe
dc.description.keywordsHigh-redshift galaxies
dc.description.keywordsLyman-break galaxies
dc.description.pages-
dc.description.doi10.3847/1538-4357/ad7602
dc.title.journalThe Astrophysical Journal
dc.identifier.e-issn1538-4357
dc.identifier.oaioai:doaj.org/journal:3e69d9011636419090af6e93d46ac43e
dc.journal.infoVolume 975, Issue 2


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