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Endocrine Responses to Sport-Related Brain Injury in Female Athletes: A Narrative Review and a Call for Action

dc.contributor.authorDonna Duffy
dc.contributor.authorKirsty J. Elliott-Sale
dc.contributor.authorHanna Gardner
dc.contributor.authorSamantha Goldenstein
dc.contributor.authorLaurie Wideman
dc.contributor.otherCenter for Women’s Health and Wellness University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
dc.contributor.otherMusculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
dc.date.accessioned2021-04-24T00:00:02Z
dc.date.available2025-10-02T03:43:29Z
dc.date.issued01-04-2021
dc.identifier.issn-
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.mdpi.com/2673-396X/2/2/10
dc.description.abstractSport-related brain injury (SRBI) occurs when a blow to the head causes the brain to move back and forth in the skull, and can lead to neuroendocrine dysfunction. Research has shown that males and females experience and recover from SRBI differently, yet most of what is known regarding diagnosis, treatment, and recovery of SRBI is based on male normative data even though females meet or exceed incidence numbers of SRBIs compared to those of males. Females also have been known to have worse outcomes and a greater number of symptoms following SRBI than males. Research is limited as to why females have worse outcomes, but sex hormones have been suggested as a potential reason. SRBI may cause a dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis, which is responsible for regulating the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. Initial research has shown that SRBI may suppress estrogen and progesterone, and the concentration of these sex hormones could be indicative of injury severity and recovery trajectory. This review discusses the sex-specific differences in SRBI and also the future direction of research that is needed in order to identify the repercussions of SRBIs for female athletes, which will eventually lead to better clinical treatment, sideline care, and recovery profiles.
dc.format-
dc.language.isoEN
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relation.uri['http://clelejournal.org/call-for-papers/info-for-authors/', 'http://clelejournal.org/journal-profile/', 'http://clelejournal.org/category/current-issue/']
dc.rightsCC BY-SA
dc.subject["children's literature", 'english language teaching', 'language education', 'intercultural competence', 'critical literacy', 'young adult literature', 'English literature', 'PR1-9680', 'Education', 'L']
dc.subject.lccDiseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology
dc.titleEndocrine Responses to Sport-Related Brain Injury in Female Athletes: A Narrative Review and a Call for Action
dc.typeArticle
dc.description.keywordssport-related brain injury
dc.description.keywordsestrogen
dc.description.keywordsprogesterone
dc.description.keywordsmenstrual cycle
dc.description.keywordshypopituitarism
dc.description.pages99-108
dc.description.doi10.3390/endocrines2020010
dc.title.journalEndocrines
dc.identifier.e-issn2673-396X
dc.identifier.oaioai:doaj.org/journal:a5ec8edc5e9242aa9445fbd8444f0432
dc.journal.infoVolume 2, Issue 2


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