Aiming at the problems of intensified soil compaction under the conditions of no-tillage operations and machine blockage caused by large-scale straw returning to the field, an operation mode of “straw strip collecting-strip subsoiling” was proposed, and a Monomer Profiling Strip Tillage Machine (MPSTM) with Straw-Strip-Collecting and Subsoiling Functions was designed to achieve anti-blocking operation and three-dimensional soil compaction reduction. The principle and mechanism parameters of monomer profiling in strip tillage are analyzed, and the effective profiling conditions are clarified. It is determined that the deflection angle, inclination angle, and installation spacing have a key influence on the straw clearance effect. The theory of soil failure and soil compaction reduction under the operation of the subsoiling and strip tillage mechanism is studied, and a combination of a medium-sized Subsoiler shovel handle and a 150 mm double-wing shovel is adopted. Using the EDEM discrete element method, taking the spatial parameters of the stubble clean disc (SCD) as the test factors and the straw removal rate (SRR) as the test indicator, a quadratic orthogonal rotation test is conducted to clarify the influence of each parameter on the straw clearance. The optimal SCD spatial parameters were determined as a deflection angle of 16.5°, an inclination angle of 25°, and an installation spacing of 100 mm, achieving a maximum SRR of 95.34%. Field test results demonstrated stable machine operation. Post-operation measurements yielded the following results: the width of the straw-cleaning band (WSCB) in the sowing strip is 193.7 mm; the overall straw removal rate (OSRR) is 84.82%, which is basically consistent with the simulation results; the subsoiling depth (SD) is 271.7 mm; the subsoiling depth stability (SDS) is 91.85%; the soil fragmentation rate (SFR) is 81.19%; and the reduction of soil compaction in the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm soil layer is 50.08%, 21.78%, and 40.83%, respectively. These results confirm that the machine effectively cleaned straw within the seeding band and reduced soil compaction, meeting the agronomic and technical requirements for strip tillage.