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The Evolution of Global Food Trade Systems and Their Resilience in Response to COVID-19: Performance Across Nations

dc.contributor.authorZhimeng Zhao
dc.contributor.authorLili Xu
dc.contributor.authorHaoyan Ma
dc.contributor.authorXuesong Zhang
dc.contributor.authorLiping Tang
dc.contributor.otherKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
dc.contributor.otherKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
dc.contributor.otherKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
dc.contributor.otherKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
dc.contributor.otherKey Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis & Simulation of Hubei Province, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-27T14:00:20Z
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-08T08:35:56Z
dc.date.available2025-10-08T08:35:56Z
dc.date.issued01-08-2025
dc.identifier.urihttp://digilib.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/repo/handle/15717717/36195
dc.description.abstractA resilient food trade system is crucial for global food security. The spatiotemporal changes in the trade of four main cereals (soybean, wheat, rice, and maize) and their responses to COVID-19 may serve as an efficient indicator of system resilience but remain underexplored. Using the United Nations Comtrade dataset and the COVID-19 dataset, this paper analyzed the evolution of the Global Trade Network for Four Cereals (GTN4) over 21 years and assessed their trade responses to COVID-19. The findings are as follows: (1) The GTN4 underwent a significant shift after 2019. Between 2000 and 2019, the network steadily expanded in size and became more interconnected, both overall and within groups of developing and developed countries. However, following 2019, its overall accessibility declined, with the extent of deterioration varying between these two groups. (2) COVID-19 influenced the cereal trade in 44–69% of countries, with developed nations exhibiting greater resilience. (3) Wheat exports from Germany, rice from Italy, and maize from the United States demonstrated the highest resilience, while Spain’s soybean trade played a key role in global imports. This research provides new insights into global food security and pandemic resilience, informing sustainable development at the national, group, and global levels.
dc.language.isoEN
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.subject.lccAgriculture (General)
dc.titleThe Evolution of Global Food Trade Systems and Their Resilience in Response to COVID-19: Performance Across Nations
dc.typeArticle
dc.description.keywordsglobal food security
dc.description.keywordscomplex network model
dc.description.keywordscereal
dc.description.keywordsdeveloped countries
dc.description.keywordsdeveloping countries
dc.description.doi10.3390/agriculture15161761
dc.title.journalAgriculture
dc.identifier.e-issn2077-0472
dc.identifier.oaioai:doaj.org/journal:9d13d943f8124715bf383043e84eb4c9
dc.journal.infoVolume 15, Issue 16


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