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Refractory Multiple Myeloma in a West Highland White Terrier: Clinical Presentations and Therapeutic Interventions

dc.contributor.authorHyomi Jang
dc.contributor.authorHyejin Jeong
dc.contributor.authorA Sa Sung
dc.contributor.authorHyojun Kwon
dc.contributor.authorJiheui Sohn
dc.contributor.authorJong-In Kim
dc.contributor.authorMoon-Yeong Choi
dc.contributor.authorChan Huh
dc.contributor.authorDong-In Jung
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherVIP Animal Medical Center (Cheongdam), Seoul 06068, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherS Animal Cancer Center, Yangsan 50608, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherS Animal Cancer Center, Yangsan 50608, Republic of Korea
dc.contributor.otherCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-27T14:04:28Z
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-08T08:36:43Z
dc.date.available2025-10-08T08:36:43Z
dc.date.issued01-08-2025
dc.identifier.urihttp://digilib.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/repo/handle/15717717/36289
dc.description.abstractThis report presents the case of a seven-year-old West Highland White Terrier diagnosed with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM), managed using multiple treatment approaches, including conventional chemotherapy (melphalan, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone), radiation therapy (RT), and novel agents such as the selective inhibitor of nuclear export (verdinexor), proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib, carfilzomib, and ixazomib), and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs; toceranib and sorafenib). Treatment response was monitored using serum globulin concentration and imaging studies. Verdinexor achieved the longest period of stable remission with minimal toxicity post-RT. Bortezomib + dexamethasone was effective in controlling hyperglobulinemia at doses ≥ 1.45 mg/m<sup>2</sup>, although cumulative hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity limited its prolonged use. Second-line proteasome inhibitors and TKIs demonstrated limited efficacy. Despite initial therapeutic response, the patient’s condition deteriorated due to persistent hyperglobulinemia and hyperviscosity syndrome. The absence of advanced supportive options, including plasmapheresis, contributed to a fatal outcome. This case highlights the potential utility of novel therapies such as verdinexor and bortezomib in managing refractory canine MM. Timely intervention, individualized dosing, and supportive care are essential for optimizing treatment outcomes. Further research is required to define effective combinations and integrate advanced care options, including stem cell transplantation and targeted antibody therapies, in veterinary MM.
dc.language.isoEN
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.subject.lccVeterinary medicine
dc.titleRefractory Multiple Myeloma in a West Highland White Terrier: Clinical Presentations and Therapeutic Interventions
dc.typeArticle
dc.description.keywordsdog
dc.description.keywordsradiation therapy
dc.description.keywordstyrosine kinase inhibitor
dc.description.keywordsproteasome inhibitor
dc.description.doi10.3390/ani15162405
dc.title.journalAnimals
dc.identifier.e-issn2076-2615
dc.identifier.oaioai:doaj.org/journal:d063d22a375947c3b769b5ea6d166a73
dc.journal.infoVolume 15, Issue 16


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