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The Discovery and Follow-up of Four Transiting Short-period Sub-Neptunes Orbiting M Dwarfs

dc.contributor.authorYasunori Hori
dc.contributor.authorAkihiko Fukui
dc.contributor.authorTeruyuki Hirano
dc.contributor.authorNorio Narita
dc.contributor.authorJerome P. de Leon
dc.contributor.authorHiroyuki Tako Ishikawa
dc.contributor.authorJoel D. Hartman
dc.contributor.authorGiuseppe Morello
dc.contributor.authorNestor Abreu García
dc.contributor.authorLeticia Álvarez Hernández
dc.contributor.authorVíctor J. S. Béjar
dc.contributor.authorYéssica Calatayud-Borras
dc.contributor.authorIlaria Carleo
dc.contributor.authorGareb Enoc
dc.contributor.authorEmma Esparza-Borges
dc.contributor.authorIzuru Fukuda
dc.contributor.authorDaniel Galán
dc.contributor.authorSamuel Geraldía-González
dc.contributor.authorYuya Hayashi
dc.contributor.authorMasahiro Ikoma
dc.contributor.authorKai Ikuta
dc.contributor.authorKeisuke Isogai
dc.contributor.authorTaiki Kagetani
dc.contributor.authorYugo Kawai
dc.contributor.authorKiyoe Kawauchi
dc.contributor.authorTadahiro Kimura
dc.contributor.authorTakanori Kodama
dc.contributor.authorJudith Korth
dc.contributor.authorNobuhiko Kusakabe
dc.contributor.authorAndrés Laza-Ramos
dc.contributor.authorJohn H. Livingston
dc.contributor.authorRafael Luque
dc.contributor.authorKohei Miyakawa
dc.contributor.authorMayuko Mori
dc.contributor.authorFelipe Murgas
dc.contributor.authorJaume Orell-Miquel
dc.contributor.authorEnric Palle
dc.contributor.authorHannu Parviainen
dc.contributor.authorAlberto Peláez-Torres
dc.contributor.authorMarta Puig-Subirà
dc.contributor.authorManuel Sánchez-Benavente
dc.contributor.authorPaula Sosa-Guillén
dc.contributor.authorMonika Stangret
dc.contributor.authorYuka Terada
dc.contributor.authorSara Muñoz Torres
dc.contributor.authorNoriharu Watanabe
dc.contributor.authorGaspar Á. Bakos
dc.contributor.authorKhalid Barkaoui
dc.contributor.authorCharles Beichman
dc.contributor.authorZouhair Benkhaldoun
dc.contributor.authorAndrew W. Boyle
dc.contributor.authorDavid R. Ciardi
dc.contributor.authorCatherine A. Clark
dc.contributor.authorKaren A. Collins
dc.contributor.authorKevin I. Collins
dc.contributor.authorDennis M. Conti
dc.contributor.authorIan J.M. Crossfield
dc.contributor.authorMark E. Everett
dc.contributor.authorElise Furlan
dc.contributor.authorMourad Ghachoui
dc.contributor.authorMichaël Gillon
dc.contributor.authorErica J. Gonzales
dc.contributor.authorJesus Higuera
dc.contributor.authorKeith Horne
dc.contributor.authorSteve B. Howell
dc.contributor.authorEmmanuël Jehin
dc.contributor.authorKathryn V. Lester
dc.contributor.authorMichael B. Lund
dc.contributor.authorRachel Matson
dc.contributor.authorElisabeth C. Matthews
dc.contributor.authorFrancisco J. Pozuelos
dc.contributor.authorBoris S. Safonov
dc.contributor.authorJoshua E. Schlieder
dc.contributor.authorRichard P. Schwarz
dc.contributor.authorRamotholo Sefako
dc.contributor.authorGregor Srdoc
dc.contributor.authorIvan A. Strakhov
dc.contributor.authorMathilde Timmermans
dc.contributor.authorWilliam C. Waalkes
dc.contributor.authorCarl Ziegler
dc.contributor.authorDavid Charbonneau
dc.contributor.authorZahra Essack
dc.contributor.authorNatalia M. Guerrero
dc.contributor.authorHiroki Harakawa
dc.contributor.authorChristina Hedges
dc.contributor.authorMasato Ishizuka
dc.contributor.authorJon M. Jenkins
dc.contributor.authorMihoko Konishi
dc.contributor.authorTakayuki Kotani
dc.contributor.authorTomoyuki Kudo
dc.contributor.authorTakashi Kurokawa
dc.contributor.authorMasayuki Kuzuhara
dc.contributor.authorJun Nishikawa
dc.contributor.authorMasashi Omiya
dc.contributor.authorGeorge R. Ricker
dc.contributor.authorSara Seager
dc.contributor.authorTakuma Serizawa
dc.contributor.authorStephanie Striegel
dc.contributor.authorMotohide Tamura
dc.contributor.authorAkitoshi Ueda
dc.contributor.authorRoland Vanderspek
dc.contributor.authorSébastien Vievard
dc.contributor.authorJoshua N. Winn
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherKomaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario , 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , NJ 08544, USA
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain; Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; INAF—Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino , Via Osservatorio 20, I-10025, Pino Torinese, Italy
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan; Okayama Observatory, Kyoto University , 3037-5 Honjo, Kamogatacho, Asakuchi, Okayama 719-0232, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherEarth-Life Science Institute (ELSI), Tokyo Institute of Technology , 2-12-1-I7E-315 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden; Lund Observatory, Division of Astrophysics, Department of Physics, Lund University , Box 43, 22100 Lund, Sweden
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp
dc.contributor.otherDepartamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Universidad de Valencia (UV) , E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637, USA
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) , E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherINAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova , Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy
dc.contributor.otherInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-141, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Astrophysics, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.C.
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , NJ 08544, USA
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
dc.contributor.otherNASA Exoplanet Science Institute—Caltech/IPAC , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
dc.contributor.otherOukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech, Morocco
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
dc.contributor.otherNASA Exoplanet Science Institute—Caltech/IPAC , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA; Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, CA 91109, USA
dc.contributor.otherCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
dc.contributor.otherGeorge Mason University , 4400 University Drive, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
dc.contributor.otherAmerican Association of Variable Star Observers , 185 Alewife Brook Parkway, Suite 410, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas , KS 66045, USA
dc.contributor.otherNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
dc.contributor.otherNASA Exoplanet Science Institute—Caltech/IPAC , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium; Oukaimeden Observatory, High Energy Physics and Astrophysics Laboratory, Faculty of sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University , Marrakech, Morocco
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California , Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
dc.contributor.otherNSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory , 950 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
dc.contributor.otherSUPA Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews , Fife, KY16 9SS Scotland, UK
dc.contributor.otherNASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
dc.contributor.otherSpace Sciences, Technologies and Astrophysics Research (STAR) Institute, Université de Liège , Allée du 6 Août 19C, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
dc.contributor.otherNASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
dc.contributor.otherNASA Exoplanet Science Institute—Caltech/IPAC , 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
dc.contributor.otherU.S. Naval Observatory , Washington, D.C. 20392, USA
dc.contributor.otherMax-Planck-Institut für Astronomie , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
dc.contributor.otherInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, 18008 Granada, Spain; Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
dc.contributor.otherSternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992, Universitetskii prospekt 13, Moscow, Russia
dc.contributor.otherNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
dc.contributor.otherCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
dc.contributor.otherSouth African Astronomical Observatory , P.O. Box 9, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
dc.contributor.otherKotizarovci Observatory , Sarsoni 90, 51216 Viskovo, Croatia
dc.contributor.otherSternberg Astronomical Institute, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119992, Universitetskii prospekt 13, Moscow, Russia
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège , 19C Allée du 6 Août, 4000 Liège, Belgium
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado , Boulder, CO 80309, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy , Stephen F. Austin State University, 1936 North Street, Nacogdoches, TX 75962, USA
dc.contributor.otherCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico , 210 Yale Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
dc.contributor.otherSubaru Telescope , 650 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
dc.contributor.otherNASA Goddard Space Flight Center , 8800 Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astronomy, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
dc.contributor.otherNASA Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
dc.contributor.otherFaculty of Science and Technology, Oita University , 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherSubaru Telescope , 650 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-26 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
dc.contributor.otherNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology , 2-24-26 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherSETI Institute , Mountain View, CA 94043, USA
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
dc.contributor.otherAstrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan ; yasunori.hori@nao.ac.jp; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan; Department of Astronomical Science, The Graduated University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, Japan
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
dc.contributor.otherSubaru Telescope , 650 N. Aohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
dc.contributor.otherDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University , NJ 08544, USA
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-30T14:23:58Z
dc.date.accessioned2025-10-08T09:23:18Z
dc.date.available2025-10-08T09:23:18Z
dc.date.issued01-01-2024
dc.identifier.urihttp://digilib.fisipol.ugm.ac.id/repo/handle/15717717/40185
dc.description.abstractSub-Neptunes with radii of 2–3 R _⊕ are intermediate in size between rocky planets and Neptune-sized planets. The orbital properties and bulk compositions of transiting sub-Neptunes provide clues to the formation and evolution of close-in small planets. In this paper, we present the discovery and follow-up of four sub-Neptunes orbiting M dwarfs (TOI-782, TOI-1448, TOI-2120, and TOI-2406), three of which were newly validated by ground-based follow-up observations and statistical analyses. TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b have radii of ${R}_{{\rm{p}}}={2.740}_{-0.079}^{+0.082}\,{R}_{\oplus }$ , ${2.769}_{-0.068}^{+0.073}\,{R}_{\oplus }$ , 2.120 ± 0.067 R _⊕ , and ${2.830}_{-0.066}^{+0.068}\,{R}_{\oplus }$ and orbital periods of P = 8.02, 8.11, 5.80, and 3.08 days, respectively. Doppler monitoring with the Subaru/InfraRed Doppler instrument led to 2 σ upper limits on the masses of <19.1 M _⊕ , <19.5 M _⊕ , <6.8 M _⊕ , and <15.6 M _⊕ for TOI-782 b, TOI-1448 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b, respectively. The mass–radius relationship of these four sub-Neptunes testifies to the existence of volatile material in their interiors. These four sub-Neptunes, which are located above the so-called “radius valley,” are likely to retain a significant atmosphere and/or an icy mantle on the core, such as a water world. We find that at least three of the four sub-Neptunes (TOI-782 b, TOI-2120 b, and TOI-2406 b), orbiting M dwarfs older than 1 Gyr, are likely to have eccentricities of e ∼ 0.2–0.3. The fact that tidal circularization of their orbits is not achieved over 1 Gyr suggests inefficient tidal dissipation in their interiors.
dc.language.isoEN
dc.publisherIOP Publishing
dc.subject.lccAstronomy
dc.titleThe Discovery and Follow-up of Four Transiting Short-period Sub-Neptunes Orbiting M Dwarfs
dc.typeArticle
dc.description.keywordsExoplanets
dc.description.keywordsMini Neptunes
dc.description.keywordsRadial velocity
dc.description.keywordsTransit photometry
dc.description.keywordsTides
dc.description.keywordsM dwarf stars
dc.description.doi10.3847/1538-3881/ad4115
dc.title.journalThe Astronomical Journal
dc.identifier.e-issn1538-3881
dc.identifier.oaioai:doaj.org/journal:e90e706d0f7942389d0887e8f3b38aa6
dc.journal.infoVolume 167, Issue 6


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